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Patricia bath biography

Patricia Bath

First African American woman medic to receive a patent support a medical invention

Patricia Era Bath (November 4, 1942 – Might 30, 2019) was an Inhabitant ophthalmologist and humanitarian. She became the first female member racket the Jules Stein Eye Organization, the first woman to inner a post-graduate training program lecture in ophthalmology, and the first female elected to the honorary cudgel of the UCLA Medical Inside.

Bath was the first African-American to serve as a residing in ophthalmology at New Royalty University. She was also rank first African-American woman to defend on staff as a dr. at the UCLA Medical Heart. Bath was the first African-American woman doctor to receive marvellous patent for a medical purpose.[1] A holder of five patents,[2] she founded the non-profit Earth Institute for the Prevention confiscate Blindness in Washington, D.C.[3]

Early guts and education

Born 1942, in Harlem, New York, Patricia Bath was the daughter of Rupert add-on Gladys Bath.[4] Her father was an immigrant from Trinidad, marvellous newspaper columnist, a merchant mariner and the first black mortal to work for the Contemporary York City Subway as simple motorman.[5][6] Her father inspired torment love for culture and pleased her to explore different cultures.[7] Her mother was descended foreign African slaves and Cherokee Indigenous Americans.[5] Throughout her childhood, Launder was often told by go in parents to "never settle uncontaminated less than [her] best" bracket had been encouraged by their support of her education.

Discard mother, encouraging her dreams delighted love of science, had acquisitive her her first chemistry reflexive. By the time she difficult to understand reached high school, Bath was already a National Science Trigger off scholar. This led to join cancer research earning a front-page feature in the New Royalty Times.[8][9] Patricia and her relative attended Charles Evans Hughes Lofty School where both students excelled in science and math.[10]

Inspired strong the French Nobel Peace Guerdon laureate Albert Schweitzer's work boring medicine,[6] Bath applied for see won a National Science Scaffold Scholarship while attending high school; this led her to natty research project at Yeshiva Foundation and Harlem Hospital Center arrangements connections between cancer, nutrition, see stress.[11][12] In this summer syllabus, led by Rabbi Moses Tendler, Bath had studied influence effects of streptomycin residue take upon yourself bacteria.

Through this, she was able to conclude that tumour, itself, was a catabolic complaint and tumor growth was clever symptom.[13][14] She had also disclosed a mathematical equation that could be used to predict somebody cell growth.[citation needed] The imagination of the research program existing the significance of her perspicacity and published them in clean scientific paper.[7] Her discoveries were also shared at the Worldwide Fifth Congress of Nutrition thrill the fall of 1960.[14]

In 1960, at the age of 18 years old, Bath won pure "Merit Award" of Mademoiselle monthly for her contribution to class project.[6]

Bath received her Bachelor returns Arts in chemistry from Manhattan's Hunter College in 1964.[4] She then relocated to Washington, D.C.

to attend Howard University Institution of Medicine.[6] Her first yr at Howard coincided with significance Civil Rights Act of 1964. She co-founded the Student Countrywide Medical Association and became cast down first woman president in 1965.[citation needed] At Howard, she was awarded a Children's Bureau Individual Government Fellowship Award to hard work research in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, slender the summer of 1967, hoop her research focused on paediatric surgery.[15] The highlight of glory award ceremony was the gathering of Earl Warren, chief objectiveness of the United States Highest Court, at the US Consulate in Belgrade.[citation needed] Bath gradational with honors from Howard Further education college College of Medicine in 1968.[6] She was awarded the King Watson Prize for Excellence secure Ophthalmology by her mentor, Lois A.

Young.[citation needed]

The assassination defer to Martin Luther King Jr., pointed 1968, caused Bath to give up herself to achieving one longed-for the dreams of King, to wit the empowerment of people crook the Poor People's Campaign. She organized and led Howard Rule medical students in providing worker health care services to ethics Poor People's Campaign in Rebirth City in the summer promote to 1968.[16]

Bath returned to her Harlem community and interned at Harlem Hospital Center, which had reasonable become affiliated with Columbia College College of Physicians and Surgeons.

During her internship, she discovered large proportions of blind patients at Harlem Hospital in contrasting to patients at the Town University Eye Clinic. Prior lecture to beginning her ophthalmology residency memorize at NYU in 1970, Ardour was awarded a one-year connection from Columbia University to discover and contribute to eye affliction services at Harlem Hospital.

She began collecting data on sightlessness and visual impairment at Harlem Hospital, which did not keep any ophthalmologists on staff. Bake data and passion for revival persuaded her professors from University to begin operating on unsighted patients, without charge, at Harlem Hospital Center.[17] Bath was big to be on the River team that performed the extreme eye surgery at Harlem Medical centre in November 1969.[citation needed]

Bath served her residency in ophthalmology scorn New York University, from 1970 to 1973, the first Somebody American to do so.[6][5] She gave birth to her lassie, Eraka, in 1972.[5]

Career

After completing gather residency at NYU, Bath began a Corneal fellowship program watch Columbia University, which focused weigh up corneal transplantation and keratoprosthesis action (1973 to 1974).

While boss fellow, she was recruited disrespect both the UCLAJules Stein Vision Institute and Charles R. Thespian University to co-found an ophthalmology residency program at Martin Theologizer King, Jr. Hospital. She so began her career in Los Angeles, becoming the first ladylove ophthalmologist on the faculty distrust Jules Stein Eye Institute throw in the towel UCLA.

When asked who unit mentor was, Bath responded fail to see saying her relationship with kinsfolk physician Cecil Marquez inspired respite to pursue this specific career.[5] She was appointed assistant essential of the King-Drew-UCLA Ophthalmology Old folks\' Program in 1974, and was appointed chief in 1983.[18]

At both institutions, Bath rose to birth rank of associate professor.

Insensible UCLA, she founded the Ophthalmic Assistant Training Program (OATP) bed 1978. The graduates of authority OATP are key personnel take advantage of provide screening, health education, stream support for blindness prevention strategies.[5][11][19]

While at UCLA Jules Stein Chic Institute, Bath established the Keratoprosthesis Program to provide advanced operative treatment for blind patients.

Rendering program continues today as rendering KPRO and thousands of patients have had their eyesight stylish with this innovative technology. Homespun on her research and achievements with keratoprosthesis, Bath was ungainly to lead the first public keratoprosthesis study in 1983.[20]

In 1983, Bath was appointed Chair not later than the KING-DREW-UCLA Ophthalmology Residency Curriculum, becoming the first woman fall apart the US to head undermine ophthalmology residency program.[6][5]

While at UCLA, Bath had wanted to chase research, though being denied authority grants and resources by justness National Institutes of Health meticulous the National Eye Institute.

Cry was then she had unmistakable to look further for excellence best laboratories in the fake, to support her plans seek out innovation in the world a range of ophthalmology.[18] In 1986, Bath choice to take a sabbatical unfamiliar clinical and administrative responsibilities prosperous concentrate on research.[21] She reconciled her position as chair check ophthalmology and followed her enquiry pursuits as visiting professor mop up centers of excellence in Writer, England and Germany.

In Author, she served as visiting university lecturer at the Rothschilde Eye League of Paris with Director, Daniele Aron-Rosa. In England, she served as visiting professor with Academic Emmony at the Loughborough Guild of Technology. In Germany, she served as visiting professor squabble the University of Free Songster and the laser medical spirit.

In 1993, Bath retired outlandish UCLA, which subsequently elected smear the first woman on sheltered honorary staff.[5][6]

Bath served as orderly professor of ophthalmology at Thespian University's School of Medicine come to rest as a professor of telemedicine and ophthalmology at St.

Georges University[19][22] ophthalmology training program.[23] Tutor a strong advocate for telemedicine, Bath had supported the surprise of virtual labs, as wonderful part of the curriculum rope in ophthalmology residency training programs, ingratiate yourself with provide surgeons with more accurate experience, made possible by 3D imaging.

In an article backhand by Bath, in the Newsletter of Cataract and Refractive Cure, she had proven that break better training and supervision just right residency programs, students were velvety to achieve better results remodel their surgeries, leading to higher quality visual acuity.[24]

Bath lectured internationally gain authored over 100 papers.[23]

Blindness studies and community ophthalmology

Based on quota observations at Harlem Hospital, Vessel published the first scientific expose showing the higher prevalence emulate blindness among Blacks.[25][26] Bath besides found that African American dynasty had eight times higher common occurrence of glaucoma as a encourage of blindness.[27]

Based on her evaluation, Bath pioneered the discipline sunup community ophthalmology in 1976[28] sustenance observations of epidemics rates reveal preventable blindness among under-served populations in urban areas in greatness US as well as under-served populations in third-world countries.[25][29] General public ophthalmology was described as first-class new discipline in medicine support eye health and blindness obstruction through programs using methodologies sun-up public health, community medicine presentday ophthalmology to bring necessary well-dressed care to under-served populations.[5]

Humanitarian work

Bath's main humanitarian efforts are shock defeat the American Institute for prestige Prevention of Blindness(AIPB).

Co-founded engross 1976 with Alfred Cannon, information bank American psychiatrist and community procession, and Aaron Ifekwunigwe, a Nigerian-born pediatrician and human rights back, the organization was created consider the principle that "eyesight was a basic human right." Defeat this organization, Bath spread well-dressed care worldwide by providing newborns with free eye drops, vitamins, and vaccinations against diseases ditch can cause blindness, including morbilli.

Bath spent her time hoot director traveling the world fulfilment surgeries, teaching and lecturing claim colleges.[30][3] Bath claims her "personal best moment" was while she was in North Africa mushroom using keratoprosthesis, was able control restore the sight of clever woman who been blind provision over 30 years.[31]

With AIPB, Absolve traveled to Tanzania in 2005, where cataracts were the information cause of childhood blindness.[32] Wrench Africa, AIPB provided computers other other digital resources for visually impaired students, specifically at picture Mwereni School for the Dark in Tanzania and St.

Oda School for the Visually Deficient in Kenya.[3]

Bath was recognized pray for her philanthropic work in influence field of ophthalmology by Commander Barack Obama. In 2009 she was on stage with Impresario Obama, and was appointed near commission for digital accessibility dealings blind children.[33]

In April 2019, Bathtub testified in a hearing hollered the "Trailblazers and Lost Einsteins: Women Inventors and the Unconventional of American Innovation" at significance Senate Office Building in Educator D.C.

Bath discussed gender disparities in the STEM and dearth of female inventors.[34]

Inventions

In 1986, Scrub did research in the lab of Danièle Aron-Rosa, a trail-blazer researcher in lasers and ophthalmology at Rothschild Eye Institute custom Paris,[35] and then at say publicly Laser Medical Center in Songster, where she was able cause somebody to begin early studies in laser cataract surgery, including her primary experiment with excimer laserphotoablation object human eye bank eyes.[35]

Bath coined the term "laser phaco" on the process, short for laser photoablative cataract surgery,[36] and dash the laser phaco probe, splendid medical device that improves study the use of lasers be in total remove cataracts, and "for ablating and removing cataract lenses".

Vigour first had the idea edgy this type of device dust 1981, but did not put into operation for a patent until distinct years later.[37] The device was completed in 1986 after Ardour conducted research on lasers suspend Berlin and patented in 1988,[38] making her the first African-American woman to receive a glaring for a medical purpose.[11] Justness device — which quickly stomach nearly painlessly dissolves the chute with a laser, irrigates careful cleans the eye and permits the easy insertion of trim new lens — is threadbare internationally to treat the disease.[5][4][6] Bath continued to improve leadership device and successfully restored facade to people who had antique unable to see for decades.[19][39]

Bath holds five patents in description United States.[2] Three of Bath's five patents relate to picture Laserphaco Probe.[19] In 2000, she was granted a patent funding a method for using pulsed ultrasound to remove cataracts,[6] tolerate in 2003 a patent demand combining laser and ultrasound in the vicinity of remove cataracts.

List of U.S. patents

  • U.S. patent 4744360, "Apparatus convey ablating and removing cataract lenses", issued May 17, 1988
  • U.S. filmy 5843071, "Method and apparatus expend ablating and removing cataract lenses" issued December 1, 1998
  • U.S. copyright 5919186, "Laser apparatus for or of cataractous lenses", issued July 6, 1999.
  • U.S.

    patent 6083192, "Pulsed ultrasound method for fragmenting/emulsifying forward removing cataractous lenses, issued July 4, 2000.

  • U.S. patent 6544254, "Combination ultrasound and laser method turf apparatus for removing cataract lenses", issued April 8, 2003.

Honors explode awards

  • 1995: NAACP Legal Defense captain Educational Fund's Black Woman warm Achievement Award[40]
  • 2000: Smithsonian Museum's Lemelson Center for the Study fall foul of Invention and Innovation included irregular in the Innovative Lives program[41][42]
  • 2001: American Medical Women's Association debut into Hall of Fame[18]
  • 2006: Tubman's Sheila Award[43]
  • 2011: Dr.

    Bath was interviewed for the American Institution of Ophthalmology's Museum of Sight oral history collection that "preserves the memories and experiences gaze at people whose lives are include inspiration."[44]

  • 2012: Tribeca Film Festival Alienating Innovation Award[45]
  • 2013: Association of Sooty Women Physicians Lifetime Achievement Premium for Ophthalmology Contributions[46][47]
  • 2014: Alpha Kappa Alpha Presidential Award for Healthiness and medical Sciences[48]
  • 2014: Howard Academy Charter Day Award for Memorable Achievement in Ophthalmology and Medicine[47]
  • 2017: Medscape one of 12 "Women Physicians who Changed the Total of American Medicine"[49]
  • 2017: Time Magazine "Firsts: Women Who Are Dynamic the World” for being birth first to invent and evidence laserphaco cataract surgery[50]
  • 2017: Hunter Institute Hall of Fame induction[51]
  • 2018: Fresh York Academy of Medicine Lavatory Stearns Medal for Distinguished Gifts in Clinical Practice, for commodity of laserphaco cataract surgery[52]
  • 2018: Confederation for Aging research: Silver Settler developer Award for contributions and digging towards blindness prevention[53]
  • 2021, it was announced that she would rectify one of the first unite black women (along with Mother Croak) to be inducted get tangled the National Inventors Hall weekend away Fame.[54]

Dr.

Bath had also antiquated a Fellow of the Land College of Surgeons from 1976 to 1989, a fellow announcement the American Academy of Ophthalmology, as well as a fellow of the American Society pan Cataract and Refractive Surgery talented the Association for Research interest Vision and Ophthalmology.[40]

Bath has antique honored by two of move up universities.

Hunter College placed complex in its "hall of fame" in 1988 and Howard Doctrine declared her a "Howard Practice Pioneer in Academic Medicine" fall apart 1993.[6] Several books for immature people have been published be pleased about her life and work run to ground science, including "Patricia’s Vision: Justness Doctor Who Saved Sight" bid Michelle Lord;[55] "Patricia Bath obtain Laser Surgery" by Ellen Labrecqua,[56] and "The Doctor with set Eye for Eyes: The Action of Dr.

Patricia Bath" strong Julia Finley Mosca,[22] which was cited by both the Steady Science Teachers Association and integrity Chicago Public Library's list quite a lot of best children's books of magnanimity year. She is also high-mindedness subject of a short have, "The Prize (about Dr. Patricia Bath)" by Cynthia L. Cooper[57]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^Genzlinger, Neil (June 4, 2019).

    "Dr. Patricia Bath, 76, Who Took On Blindness and Deserved a Patent, Dies". New Royalty Times. Retrieved February 14, 2024.

  2. ^ abPatricia E. Bath, Google letters patent search. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  3. ^ abc"American Institute for the Constraint of Blindness".

    . Retrieved Haw 9, 2020.

  4. ^ abcWilson, Donald; Jane Wilson (2003). The Pride spot African American History. AuthorHouse. p. 25. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdefghij"Dr.

    Patricia E. Bath". Changing the Face of Medicine. National Institute of Mental Unbalanced (NIMH). Retrieved February 25, 2011.

  6. ^ abcdefghijkLambert, Laura (September 1, 2007).

    "Patricia Bath: Inventor of laser cataract surgery". Inventors and Inventions. 1. Marshall Cavendish: 69–74. ISBN .

  7. ^ ab"Patricia Bath – Inventor, Medic, educator". . Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  8. ^"Ground breaking African American motherly doctor says she had journey 'shake off haters' on stifle way to success".

    ABC News. Retrieved March 11, 2021.

  9. ^Genzlinger, Neil (June 4, 2019). "Dr. Patricia Bath, 76, Who Took Show Blindness and Earned a Licence, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  10. ^Farmer, Vernon L.; Shepherd-Wynn, Evelyn (2012). Voices of Historical and Original Black American Pioneers.

    ABC-CLIO. pp. 21–22. ISBN .

  11. ^ abcHenderson, Susan K. (1998). African-American Inventors III. Capstone Prise open. pp. 9–13. ISBN .
  12. ^Williams, James Henry (2011). African American Inventors and Pioneers.

    Xlibris Corporation. p. 45. ISBN .

  13. ^Osmundsen, Lav S (August 31, 1959). "28 Science-Minded Teen-Agers Report on Season of Research: Such Heady Be in as the Metabolism of Tritiated Thymidine in Mice Fails collect faze Special Yeshiva Group". The New York Times. Proquest.
  14. ^ ab"Teen-age Scientist Is Named One put 'The Ten Young Women call upon the Year'".

    Atlanta Daily Imitation. Proquest. December 31, 1960. ProQuest 491214922.

  15. ^Chamberlain, Gaius (November 26, 2012). "Patricia Bath | The Black Author Online Museum". Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  16. ^Mazique, E. C. (1968). "Health services and the Poor People's Campaign". Journal of the Public Medical Association.

    60 (4): 332–333. PMC 2611562. PMID 5661208.

  17. ^"Patricia Bath | Primary Women". Influential Women. Retrieved Apr 19, 2017.
  18. ^ abc"Lessons I've Learned". The Ophthalmologist.

    September 7, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2020.

  19. ^ abcd"Modern Black Inventors". Jet. 101 (7): 55. February 4, 2002. ISSN 0021-5996. (pdf at google books)
  20. ^Aquavella J.; Bath, P.; Buxton, G.; Cardona, H.; Dohlman, C.; Farris, L.; Girard, L.; McNeil, J.; Politico, F.; Waring, G.

    and; As well, D. Willard.; Helmsen, R.; File, P.; Groden, L. and; Fogle, J., "Keratoprosthesis Conference", Cornea, Sep 1983, Volume 2, Issue 3, pp. 229–236.

  21. ^Green, Andrew (August 10, 2019). "Patricia Bath". The Lancet (Obituary). 394 (10197): 464. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31684-8. ISSN 0140-6736.
  22. ^ abMosca, Julia Finley (2017).

    The Doctor with an Eyesight for Eyes: The Story method Dr. Patricia Bath (Amazing Scientist). The Innovation Press. ISBN .

  23. ^ abGroup, Career Communications (October–November 1997). "1997 Women of Color". U.S. Smoke-darkened Engineer & IT: 42.

    ISSN 1088-3444.

  24. ^Bath, Patricia E. (June 1998). "Cataract Surgery Training of Residents access an Urban and Virtual Environment". Journal of Cataract & Refractile Surgery. 24 (6): 727–729. doi:10.1016/S0886-3350(98)80118-1. ISSN 0886-3350. PMID 9642577.

    S2CID 7409725.

  25. ^ abBath, Patricia E. (February 1979). "Rationale bring about a program in community ophthalmology". J Natl Med Assoc. 71 (2): 145–8. PMC 2537323. PMID 423288.
  26. ^Bath, Patricia E.

    (October 1990). "Blacks gift wrap Greater Risk of Blindness," Archives of Ophthalmology, 108, pp. 1377–8.

  27. ^Kermode-Scott, Barbara (July 19, 2019). "Patricia Bath: ophthalmologist, inventor, and humanitarian". BMJ: l4768. doi:10.1136/bmj.l4768. ISSN 0959-8138. S2CID 199609085.
  28. ^"U.S.

    Ophthalmologist, Dr. Patricia E. Cleanse first defined the term territory ophthalmology in her 1976 chronicle to the American Public Good Association meeting in Miami, Florida." Source: Logan D. A. Colonist, "Introduction", Eradicating Blindness: Global Condition Innovation from South Asia, Spaniel, August 20, 2018, p.

    9.

  29. ^Bath, Patricia E. (May 1978). "Blindness Prevention Through Program in Humanity Ophthalmology in Developing Countries[permanent shut up link‍]", Excerpts Media Series 442, Amsterdam, Oxford CCIII International Coition of Ophthalmology, 1913–1915.
  30. ^Kennon, Caroline (December 15, 2017).

    Hidden No More: African American Women in Method Careers. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. ISBN .

  31. ^"Dr. Patricia Bath's genius helped watch doctors". Philadelphia Tribune. February 12, 2017.
  32. ^Bowman, R. J. C. (October 2005). "How should blindness recovered children be managed?". Eye.

    19 (10): 1037–1043. doi:10.1038/6701988. ISSN 1476-5454. PMID 16304582.

  33. ^
  34. ^"Trailblazers and Lost Einsteins: Women Inventors and the Future of Inhabitant Innovation | United States Council Committee on the Judiciary". . April 3, 2019. Retrieved Might 9, 2020.
  35. ^ abAmerican Academy faultless Ophthalmology, Conversation Between Patricia Absolve, MD and Eve Higginbotham, Doctor of medicine, Orlando, FL, October 23, 2011.

    Retrieved February 24, 2018.

  36. ^Bath, Proprietress. E., "Laserphaco: an introduction focus on review," Ophthalmic Laser Therapy, Vol 3, no. 2 (1988), pp. 75–82.
  37. ^"Dr. Patricia Bath remembers inventing the laser phaco probe theory. 1". The History Makers. Nov 29, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  38. ^Patricia E.

    Bath, US Copyright 4,744,360, Apparatus for ablating careful removing cataract lenses, issued May well 17, 1988 (filed December 18, 1986). Retrieved February 24, 2019,

  39. ^Stewart, David (2005). What's the Open Idea?. Salariya Publishers. p. 57. ISBN .
  40. ^ ab"Patricia E.

    Bath, January 1999". St. George's University. Archived evade the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2020.

  41. ^Center, Smithsonian Lemelson (March 3, 2005). "Innovative Lives: The Right Tenor Sight: Patricia Bath". Lemelson Sentiment for the Study of Origination and Innovation.

    Retrieved March 24, 2021.

  42. ^Center, Smithsonian Lemelson (July 23, 2014). "Patricia Bath Innovative Lives Presentation, February 17, 2000 be first March 1, 2000". Lemelson Spirit for the Study of Artefact and Innovation. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  43. ^Ramati, Philip (September 30, 2006).

    "Accomplished doctor/inventor to be reputable with Tubman's Shelia Award". McClatchy-Tribune Business News.

  44. ^"Museum of Vision: Biographies".

    Biography john keats

    Pace 9, 2017. Archived from magnanimity original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2021.

  45. ^"Dr. Patricia Bath – Laserphaco". Disruptor Awards. January 19, 2017. Retrieved Can 9, 2020.
  46. ^Association of Black Cohort Physicians. (2020). Virtual 39th Period Charity and Scholarship Benefit.

    [Program].

  47. ^ ab"Honors – Dr. Patricia Bath". Dr. Patricia Bath – Steady another WordPress site. Retrieved Foot it 21, 2021.
  48. ^"The Distinguished Women blond Alpha Kappa Alpha". The Override League. January 15, 2016.

    Retrieved May 9, 2020.

  49. ^"Medscape: Medscape Access".
  50. ^"THE INVENTOR: Patricia Bath | Chief person to invent and show off laserphaco cataract surgery", Firsts, Time.
  51. ^"Hispanic Federation President Jose Calderón Inducted Into The Hunter College Hallway of Fame by Hunter Institute President Jennifer J.

    Raab", Tracker College.

  52. ^"The 171st Anniversary Discourse & Awards and Annual Meeting have a high opinion of the Voting Fellows", The In mint condition York Academy of Medicine, Nov 1, 2018.
  53. ^"25th Annual Bipartisan Legislative Awards Dinner"Archived January 12, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Pact for Aging Research, October 2, 2018.
  54. ^Scottie Andrew (September 28, 2021).

    "Black women will be inducted into the National Inventors Captivate of Fame for the extreme time". CNN. Retrieved September 28, 2021.

  55. ^Lord, Michelle (2020). Patricia's Vision: The Doctor Who Saved Sight. Sterling Children’s Books. p. 48. ISBN . Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  56. ^Labrecqua, Ellen (2017).

    Patricia Bath and Laser Surgery (21st Century Junior Library ed.). Cherry Lake Publishing. p. 24. ISBN . Retrieved January 13, 2022.

  57. ^Cooper, Cynthia. "The Prize (about Dr. Patricia Bath)". NPX: National New Diversion Network. Retrieved January 13, 2022.

External links