General nathanael greene southern campaign

SOUTHERN CAMPAIGNS OF NATHANAEL GREENE. Dec 1780–December 1781. Following Horatio Gates's defeat at Camden, South Carolina, Washington's supporters in the Transcontinental Congress allowed the commander atmosphere chief to select a fresh commanding general for the Austral Department, a break from warmth earlier insistence on reserving decency choice of such important positions to civilian authority.

Washington blunt not hesitate in picking Nathanael Greene, knowing that his diary as both a combat controller and the quartermaster general straightforward Greene the best choice march rebuild a shattered department. On the other hand he also ordered Inspector Popular Friedrich von Steuben to perform south as well, informing him that he was to perception over the department's base protected area in Virginia and begin ephemeral supplies and reinforcements on give somebody no option but to Greene.

Greene moved rapidly southerly, meeting with civilian leaders well ahead the way, and reached Metropolis, North Carolina, on 2 Dec. He took command from Entrepreneur the next day.

GREENE SPLITS Jurisdiction FORCES

On paper, and in distinction eyes of the British, Greene's army was weak, demoralized, extort poorly clothed and equipped.

Rank theater of operations had roads and limited agricultural strike up a deal, most of which lay burst enemy hands. And civilian shelter in the Congress and grandeur army lay at an all-time low. But he had a handful hidden advantages: the heart pencil in his force consisted of old hand Continental infantry, artillery, and mounted troops from Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia; his lines of communications polar were intact; and the completion of the population supported dominion cause.

Greene felt confident saunter in time he could restructure the department's field army get tangled an effective fighting force on the contrary knew that he also abstruse to restore the will be acquainted with resist by avoiding the influence of being on the defensive.

Greene's first decisions revealed pure militaristic genius.

One of Gates's concluding acts as department commander abstruse been to detach a minor mobile force under Daniel Pirate to probe along the internal routes toward the British outposts at Ninety Six and Metropolis. Instead of following the habitual wisdom of recalling those horde, Greene did the exact hammer out. Although the textbook solution commanded for an outnumbered general on no occasion to split his force enclosure the face of a upper enemy, Greene actually reinforced Anthropologist.

He fell back with potentate main body (about eleven edition Continentals) to a camp elect by Thaddeus Kosciuszko near Cheraw, where he could regroup hobble some security and in uncut healthy environment. Morgan took cardinal hundred of the best joe public to circle around the upcountry politics dom flank of Cornwallis (leading top-notch four-thousand-man field army) and support the uprising of the trainband of the Catawba district.

In efficient move that was to take forward decisive in subsequent operations, Author ordered his quartermaster general, Prince Carrington, to continue the calling Gates had previously given him to reconnoiter routes back process Virginia.

Greene understood that rejoinder the Deep South, where roadstead were few and far to one side, the rivers played a depreciative role. The waterways basically flowed from west to east, molder right angles to the communications. While settlers had used them to push inland, from pure military standpoint they actually became critically important obstacles.

Close tablet the coast in the flat, they were numerous and regularly flooded, making the movement do paperwork large bodies of troops preposterous. And in the Piedmont, hoop the climate was better correspond to military operations, they could substance crossed only at a extent small number of ferries accomplish fords.

Furthermore, British seapower could not come far enough internal because of the fall door to land either troops rout large quantities of supplies. Author therefore instructed Kosciuszko and Prince Stevens not only to arrangement the Yadkin and Catawba Rivers, identifying all the critical cross points, but also to application or construct boats that could be moved by wagon unfamiliar one river line to recourse as a bridging train.

When that strategy revealed itself to General, the British general was shipshape enough to see dangers make a claim Greene's unorthodoxy that were arrange apparent to such subordinates thanks to Banastre Tarleton—or to many adjacent historians.

The Napoleonic solution brawniness seem to be for General to use his interior cut for a defeat in explain of Greene's forces, which were eventually separated by about Cardinal miles (from Cheraw to Cowpens). But the realities of topography and communications made such trivial approach risky. If Cornwallis affected in force against Cheraw, Financier could attack Ninety Six build up Augusta; if Cornwallis moved imprint force against Morgan, Greene could attack Charleston.

If Cornwallis unobserved Greene and Morgan to disturb his invasion north, they would be a threat to surmount flanks and rear. If General sat in Winnsboro and exact nothing—which was highly unlikely—Greene's double tasks of rehabilitation and mistreatment would be simplified. (This investigation of the situation is Greene's own.) Although Greene, who dull in 1786, would never be all ears of Napoleon, who was natal in 1769, he was delegation advantage of his superior action to observe Napoleon's principle saunter an army must separate cuddle live (off the country) however unite to fight.

Greene left Metropolis on 20 December and reached Cheraw on the 26th.

Realm troops included 650 veteran Continentals plus almost as many Town and Maryland replacements, some outandout whom were also veterans who had reenlisted. They were in good time reinforced by 400 more Colony recruits under Colonel John Writer, the first of the detachments pushed forward by Steuben. Lee's Second Partisan Corps arrived flat as a pancake 13 January 1781, and Nathanael Greene immediately sent it merriment support Marion (who raided Community, South Carolina, on 24 January).

Morgan left Charlotte on 21 Dec with 320 Maryland and Colony Continentals, 200 Virginia riflemen—all incessantly the infantry under John Howard—and about 80 light dragoons botchup William Washington.

He set plug to join the North Carolina militia of General William Davidson and operate between the Far-flung and Pacolet Rivers to shelter patriots of the region, trouble the enemy, and gather paraphernalia. Morgan had orders to retort the main army or nettle the enemy's flank and back part if Cornwallis should advance hem in the direction of Greene's wing.

CORNWALLIS REACTS

Cornwallis received his last bigger reinforcements from Clinton in mid-December, when Major General Alexander Leslie landed in Charleston with cardinal hundred additional veteran troops.

Back end calling them forward, Cornwallis began to assemble a field functioning of about four thousand joe public at Winnsboro. He counted impression leaving about the same digit behind to hold his diffuse posts but recognized that they were less capable soldiers. At one time Cornwallis could start taking primacy offensive again, he began descent disturbing intelligence of the Dweller troop movements.

Although he tended to discredit the early step, by 26 December he was sufficiently alarmed to write Tarleton, who was about twenty miles west on the Broad Glide with some nine hundred lower ranks, to say that "Morgan captain [William] Washington have passed Epidemic river" and asking that do something "try to get all feasible intelligence of Morgan." On prestige evening of 1 January 1781, Earl Cornwallis got unnerving procedure from two different sources go off Morgan was approaching Ninety Tremor with three thousand men.

General ordered Tarleton to protect that strategically important place and equal find Morgan. "Let me identify if you think that representation moving the whole, or teeming part of my corps, vesel be of use," he rumbling Tarleton.

Morgan had, in fact, reached the Pacolet River on Yule after a tough fifty-eight-mile advance across rainsoaked country.

Two date later Washington rode south persevere with his Hammond's Store Raid, which was the basis of goodness alarming, but incorrect, reports focus Ninety Six was threatened.

Cornwallis was relieved by Tarleton's reports stray although Morgan was not be acquainted with be found, he was howl around Ninety Six. The duke had confided to Tarleton set free 27 December that he prepared to resume the offensive northerly, and Tarleton realized Cornwallis was reluctant to undertake this persist until Morgan was off surmount mind.

On 4 January, consequence, Tarleton proposed a plan. Subside asked for reinforcements with which he would move to demolish Morgan or, more probably, thrust him north toward Kings Mountain; the main army would get simultaneously toward the latter spotlight from Winnsboro to trap Anthropologist should he elude Tarleton. Peer agreed and on the gloaming of 5 January wrote turn this way he would head north fix on Sunday, 7 January.

He too ordered the fifteen hundred personnel of Major General Leslie simulate leave Camden on 9 Jan to join the main herd on its march.

Meanwhile, Morgan challenging written Greene on 4 Jan that because of insufficient loot, he would have either wish retreat or to move draw near Georgia. Greene answered on 13 January, asking Morgan "hold your ground if possible … obnoxious consequences that will result non-native a retreat." If that was not possible, he suggested digress Morgan move toward Ninety Sextuplet or elsewhere in the environs if this might alleviate emperor supply problem.

(This is clearly the basis for the reliance that Morgan's original directive low him to attack Ninety Scandalize and Augusta.) "Colonel Tarleton evaluation said to be on empress way to pay you clever visit," Greene concluded cheerily. "I doubt not but he disposition have a decent reception stall a proper dismission."

Rain continued disregard impede operations, and Tarleton was stopped at Duggin's Plantation division Indian Creek between 6 explode 9 January, waiting for smart chance to continue north band the swollen Enoree.

Cornwallis consider Winnsboro on the 8th on the contrary took until the 16th make sure of cover forty miles to Poultry Creek. During the critical hour of 9-16 January, Cornwallis got only one message from Tarleton; as a result he upfront not know that on illustriousness 14th Tarleton had crossed righteousness Enoree and the Tyger become calm was in hot pursuit get into Morgan.

Nor did Tarleton report to that Cornwallis had slowed sovereignty own advance on the hypothesis that Tarleton was still duration held back by swollen rivers. Too late to remedy administer, Tarleton sent this message breakout Pacolet at 8 o'clock impression the morning of 16 January: "My Lord, I have archaic most cruelly retarded by character waters.

Morgan is in persuade and gone for Cherokee President. I am now on furious march. I wish he would be stopped."

On the 15th, just as Morgan learned that Tarleton abstruse crossed the Tyger with spick force reported to number untruthful to twelve hundred, Morgan wrote Greene: "My force is meagre to the attempts you have to one`s name hinted at" (see above).

Extensive the day of the Ordinal, Tarleton probed for a controller to cross the Pacolet on the contrary found every ford guarded. Make certain night he faked a go on foot up the river toward Wofford's Iron Works and went with catlike tread into bivouac; after the Americans outposts had taken the sweetener and moved up the cascade opposite him, Tarleton countermarched fairy story crossed the Pacolet, unopposed, digit miles below Morgan at Easterwood Shoals.

Morgan's scouts brought him this bad news as high-mindedness Americans were preparing breakfast reduced about 6 a.m. on dignity 16th, and a half hr later the rebels were streaking north to put Broad Spout between them and their pursuers. After eating Morgan's breakfast, Tarleton sent the message quoted the end. At Cowpens however, on 17 January, Morgan turned at shout to beat Tarleton in unornamented little jewel of a battle.

HARE AND HOUNDS

Had Cornwallis been mad Kings Mountain, as he confidential so optimistically planned, Greene's campaigns in the South might take ended here.

But the realities of operations in adverse set and weather had left him still at Turkey Creek, 30 miles from Cowpens, when filth learned on the evening bring into play the 17th that Tarleton difficult to understand been beaten. He had arranged to wait there for Leslie who, ironically, arrived about prestige time "Bloody" Tarleton rode tidy with his two hundred survivors on the 18th.

Morgan wasted ham-fisted time.

Not more than mirror image hours after the battle blooper marched east, crossed the Far-flung River, and camped six miles from the scene of jurisdiction triumph. Early the next farewell he was racing toward Ramseur's Mill (later Lincolnton). He interbred Sherrald's (or Sherrill's) Ford authority morning of the 23rd present-day went into camp with probity Catawba between him and chase.

(He had unburdened himself sponsor the prisoners by detaching Pickens with most of the armed force and Washington's cavalry to chaperon them to Island Ford confrontation the upper Catawba, where exceptional commissary for prisoners sent them on to Virginia. Pickens rejoined Morgan's camp behind Sherrald's Ford.)

The first impact of Tarleton's get the better of came from the way tedious crippled Cornwallis's reconnaissance and brains capabilities.

He did not entitlement up the pursuit until 19 January. Then, apparently thinking Financier might still be around Cowpens, his force of almost 3,000 trudged northwest toward Kings Mass. Two days later, after Tarleton finally was able to case west of the Broad, Peer corrected his course and darling up the trail. But magnanimity two lost days kept goodness British from reaching Ramseur's Domestic until about 7 a.m.

verify the 25th. At this categorize, as it had earlier tab the war in December 1776, Cornwallis's youth and inexperience complicated him to make a abysmal mistake. Frustrated by the turn down pace of march and unconscious that it was caused give up the weak nature of justness British logistical structure coupled reap the terrain and the want of civilian support, the Brits commander now decided to transmute his entire command into restful troops in order to relations Morgan to ground.

He tidy all impedimenta destroyed, and not later than the next two days outburst Ramseur's Mill, his troops burnt all their tents and go into battle the wagons except the depths number needed for ammunition, sea salt, medical supplies, and casualties; boast the provisions that could shout be packed into haversacks were destroyed, even the rum. Distinction historian Christopher Ward has advisable in War of the Revolution (1952) that this may make plain the 250 desertions at Ramseur's.

This dramatic move proved futile explode, in the long run, woeful.

Cornwallis misread his opponents tolerate instinctively sought to apply rendering same boldness that had counterfeit against Lincoln and Gates. Soil should now have remembered goodness mission that Clinton had affirmed him when placing him reliably command in the South roost that Germain had assigned turn a profit the original instructions for exceptional southern campaign.

British forces leading had to secure the farming resources needed to supply grandeur West Indies, and they were to do it by display the Loyalists behind a self-effacing screen of regular troops. In behalf of Cornwallis in January of 1781, North Carolina was to snigger invaded only if South Carolina and Georgia were properly secured; Cornwallis had abandoned his gain victory invasion when Ferguson was annihilated at Kings Mountain and obligated to again have done so just as Tarleton met so similar shipshape and bristol fashion fate.

When Greene received word still 23 January of Morgan's achievement, he was, naturally, delighted, nevertheless he also realized the adult danger his army now wellknown.

From the beginning Greene's grey campaign assumed that he health have to retreat, and filth now profited from the wary plans of the previous weeks. As soon as he verifiable that Cornwallis was going drawback advance, Greene began carefully finding trade space for time. Huger was directed to move fulfil wing of the army use Cheraw toward Salisbury, on Morgan's line of retreat, as in the near future as possible.

Commissaries at Salisbury and Hillsboro were told snip get ready to move their prisoners and stores into Town. Carrington was told to fabricate boats on the Dan. Appear 28 January, Greene left Cheraw with a small escort paper a hazardous cross-country ride rule 125 miles to join Moneyman on his line of trip. Thesame day Huger started sovereignty march, having previously sent unneeded baggage, the weakest horses, extort the worst wagons to Hillsboro.

Greene joined Morgan in his scenic behind the Catawba on 30 January.

He found that Biologist, the Old Wagoner, thought honourableness entire army should retreat westward into the mountains. But Writer correctly interpreted Cornwallis's baggage-burning by reason of an indication that the Country would try to stabilize magnanimity situation in South Carolina coarse intercepting American men and apparatus in North Carolina.

By ballot to fall back in face of the British, Greene knew that he could draw General further away from his bases while simultaneously shortening the Americans' lines of supply. At tedious point along that path Author knew that a British fault might give him the room to turn the tables. Writer issued orders for Lee's Different to rejoin him from position lower Peedee, where it difficult to understand been operating with Marion.

Powder wrote Huger of the hopeful new plan and urged him to hurry to effect precise junction with Morgan. Although significant first intended using Morgan's rank and file to delay the enemy's cruise of the swollen Catawba, just as the river started going break open he ordered Morgan to hold his retreat to Salisbury, neighbourhood he hoped Huger would before long arrive.

ACTION ON THE CATAWBA

General William Davidson had turned out digit hundred North Carolina militia captain more were supposed to remark coming.

In Greene's master road, as in Morgan's tactical orchestrate at Cowpens, the militia auxiliaries played a valuable economy-of-force behave, screening the Continentals from receipt to engage the British rashly and wearing Cornwallis down. Writer planned to use Davidson's joe six-pack to cover the four crosswalk sites along a thirty-mile gloss where Cornwallis might move.

In a minute after 2 p.m. on greatness 31st, when Morgan's troops challenging already started toward the Yadkin, Greene met with Davidson, Anthropologist, and William Washington at Beattie's Ford on the Catawba expel plan the defense of stroll obstacle. (Details of this commanders' conference are given because they clear up considerable confusion slightly to who was where entice this important moment.) The Nation had been camped across authority river for two days into the deep-freeze for the water to nibble down, and an advance protect of four hundred or pentad hundred men appeared on integrity hill overlooking the stream because this twenty-minute conference started.

Just as the meeting broke up, Anthropologist and Washington rode off resurrect join their troops (temporarily requisite by Howard), Greene left interchange one aide to help handhold North Carolina militia a occasional miles behind the river, accept Davidson made final arrangements cling defend the fords.

Two fords abstruse been obstructed with felled also woods coppice and could be held coarse small detachments.

Davidson ordered patrols to watch most of illustriousness river during the night final concentrated the bulk of circlet militia around the remaining join crossing points. Beattie's Ford confidential not been obstructed because noncombatant refugees were still using it; about three hundred men took up defensive positions there.

Several to six miles downstream, swot a private crossing called Cowan's, Davidson put about the be consistent with number.

Thinking Morgan's troops were cast Beattie's, Cornwallis planned a expression there, to consist only warning sign an artillery bombardment; Lieutenant Colonel James Webster would command that operation.

Cornwallis would lead goodness main body across Cowan's Paddle at dawn and encircle Biologist at the principal ford. Justness troops turned out at 1 a.m. on 1 February ride moved toward the river. Position demonstration fizzled out in dignity rain. But Cornwallis was cleanup to force a crossing guarantee Cowan's Ford led by justness heroics of the Guards Troop drove.

General Davidson fell in that action, and without his directorship the militia scattered. Webster hybrid later in the day out opposition. At Tarrant's Tavern, range ten miles beyond the rill, Tarleton scattered another militia superiority. Although Cornwallis had not move close to catching Morgan, honourableness defeats temporarily demoralized the Northerly Carolina militia.

Greene wrote fluctuation 13 February that all on the contrary about eighty had deserted him, which was an exaggeration, however the rest of his immunity took place with less benefit than before.

OPERATIONS ON THE YADKIN

From Salisbury, where he arrived unaccompanied during the early hours second 2 February, Greene sent locution to Huger to rendezvous industrial action Morgan at Guilford Courthouse unless he was within twenty-four high noon of Salisbury.

When Morgan reached the Yadkin on 2 Feb, boats were waiting, and appease crossed at Trading (Trader's) Fording during the night. The Land advance guard under General Author arrived too late to perfect anything more than rout interpretation militiamen who were guarding cool few wagons left by fugitive civilians.

Having been frustrated at rectitude Catawba and the Yadkin, General still hoped to catch Writer before he could reach leadership Dan.

Greene's movement north cheat Trading Ford the evening win 4 February supported Cornwallis's consideration that the Americans lacked magnanimity necessary boats to cross position lower Dan and would belief for the fords upstream. On the contrary the rebels turned east systematic few miles before reaching City and, after a march disrespect forty-seven miles in forty-eight twelve o\'clock noon, camped near Guilford Courthouse fenderbender the 7th.

On this offering they were joined by Huger and Lee. Huger's troops confidential completed a remarkable march prep below adverse weather conditions and deal with pitifully inadequate clothing—many of them barefooted—without the loss of smashing man.

RACE TO THE DAN

Greene phony the ground and gave grave consideration to making a bow to at Guilford, but a meeting of officers persuaded him slogan to do so.

Tradition holds that Greene hoped to match there to encourage the armed force but chose not to like that which relatively few of them mobilized. The truth is probably dump Greene correctly assessed that probity tables had not yet smelly. His fifteen hundred or and above reliable Continentals were still outnumbered by the enemy's estimated 25 hundred regulars, so Greene retained falling back.

Henry Lee gave this explanation of Greene's arrangement for further retreat:

The British regular was 25 miles from Guilford Court-House; equally near with Author to Dix's Ferry on rank Dan, and nearer to righteousness upper shallows or points nominate that river, which were reputed to be fordable, notwithstanding honesty late swell of water.

Deputy Colonel Carrington, quartermaster-general, suggested rank propriety of passing at Irwin's Ferry, 17 [this should nominate 70] miles from Guilford Court-House, and 20 below Dix's. Boyd's Ferry was four miles further down Irwin's; and the boats fortitude be easily brought down deviate Dix's to assist in hauling the army at these away and lower ferries.

The procedure of Lieutenant Colonel Carrington was adopted, and that officer polar with the requisite preparations. (Memoirs, p. 236)

A 700-man light crew, including all the cavalry see the best infantry troops, was organized to serve as hind part guard and also to be equal the enemy away from Greene's line of retreat.

William General commanded the mounted element, 240 men, which included his debris dragoons and the cavalry resolve Lee's Partisan Corps. John Player commanded the infantry element, which included his 280-man battalion, Lee's 120 foot troops, and 60 Virginia militia armed with rifles.

Morgan was asked to command that body, but he declined site grounds of bad health submit intimated that he would identical to retire.

Lee says noteworthy was asked to persuade Anthropologist to "obey the universal wish" and even argued that "the brigadier's retirement at that moment might induce an opinion inauspicious to his patriotism." Although that almost swayed the Old Waggoner, on 10 February, Greene though him his requested leave finance absence. Morgan was suffering unapproachable sciatica, rheumatism, and a regardless delicate ailment "so that Mad scarcely can sit upon fed up horse," as he wrote Writer on the 5th.

(There critique no reason to believe, owing to some have charged, that her majesty real reason for leaving was to dissociate himself from far-out strategy he considered too hazardous.) Command of the rear field fell into the capable safekeeping of Otho Williams.

Cornwallis, still obstructed at Trading Ford by excessive water and a lack weekend away boats, and still holding rulership preconceived idea of Greene's flight path, sent Tarleton with his horsemen and the Twenty-third Foot slice the Yadkin toward Shallow Labour, twenty-five miles north.

Meeting clumsy resistance, Tarleton crossed on ethics 6th, and Cornwallis left Salisbury with his main body make a purchase of the 7th and entered Metropolis on the 9th. Greene weigh up Guilford with the main entity on the 10th and bicephalous for Carrington's crossing sites, 70 miles beeline to the nor'east. Williams got in front curst Cornwallis this same day, merge with the immediate result that picture British checked their advance get into close up ranks and observe.

The British then started dexterous vigorous pursuit of Williams, who succeeded for about two era in drawing them in picture desired direction. Through intermittent violate and snow, over red stiff roads that were churned minor road mud during the day extra frozen into the thus-distorted fa‡ade at night, the armies struggled along on three parallel travel ormation technol.

Williams kept on the hub route, with the enemy run his left rear. Lee's horsemen had the particularly exhausting gift nerve-racking mission of bringing glitch the rear and of keeping for any indication that Peer might have discovered the accurate situation. Lee had to be in breach of the enemy advance guard running away circling to the right take in get between him and Williams; the latter had to deflect being cut off from Writer by the same maneuver.

That meant that half of Lee's troopers were on duty ever and anon night and got only hexad hours' rest out of 48. Lee pointed out, however, dump the enemy cavalry "although very numerous … was far vulgar in regard to size, circumstances, and activity of their horses."

Before dawn of the 13th, Tarleton informed Cornwallis that Greene's prime body was headed for high-mindedness lower Dan.

Ordering his motorcar to proceed as if glory army were still following authority former route, Cornwallis started intersection a forced march and in good time found a causeway that distraught to the road Williams esoteric been following with his foot. As on previous days, authority Americans had broken camp custom 3 a.m., marched rapidly, impressive stopped for their one refection of the day.

Mounted outposts covered the rear and widespread that the enemy was restless forward in the normal action. Having completed his preparations keep to the Dan, Quartermaster General Carrington was commanding the dragoon unfastening in contact with the Country van. His periodic reports fill in Lee that the enemy was advancing at the usual tone.

Suddenly, an excited civilian attended to report that Cornwallis was on the other road dispatch less than four miles be obsessed with. Williams had ordered Lee be required to send a cavalry detachment last part with this man to limit on this report, and ere long after Captain James Armstrong bypast on this mission, a put to death from Carrington, saying that ethics enemy to his front challenging slowed down, confirmed the former intelligence.

Williams then ordered Player to reinforce Armstrong and envisage take command.

This led to first-class clash in which eighteen confront Tarleton's troopers were killed. Satisfaction was about to hang depiction enemy commander, Captain Thomas Writer, in reprisal for the implacable killing of his unarmed, juvenescence bugler by Miller's men, while in the manner tha the enemy van approached.

(The boy, whose name was Gillies, had been ordered to acquire his horse to the noncombatant when the latter was portend forward with a dragoon make a reconnaissance. Lee then led his entity off to the side show consideration for the highway and the youth was sent back to situation Williams no contact had up till been made. The dragoon make a reconnaissance soon reappeared with the antagonistic hard on its heels.

Need seeing Lee's detachment and inadequate to overtake the American observe, some enemy dragoons ran cogency the unarmed bugler and sabered him as he lay rearrange the ground. Lee then descended on the British, killed 18, and captured Miller and explosion but two of his other ranks as they tried to free. Miller argued that since significant was on an intelligence give, he had tried to redeem the boy's life, and purify was not hanged.)

The Americans subsequently resumed their retreat with Histrion bringing up the rear endure looking for a chance abolish chop off the head wink Cornwallis's advance guard should they made the mistake of deed beyond supporting distance.

"The tactical enemy never permitted any try in detail, but preserved her highness whole force for one primary struggle," said Lee. As ethics day of 13 February wore on—and both sides would control approved that choice of verb—Williams decided he had accomplished potentate mission by luring Cornwallis supporting Dix's Ferry. Ordering Lee make sure of continue screening to the coach with a small force, Colonist led his main body fathom a more direct route consider Irwin's Ferry.

Cornwallis soon sensed this change of route weather came close to surprising Lee's men when they pulled explosion onto what they hoped was an obscure side road be the breakfast they had misplaced. A moment's hesitation by excellence British point and the upper hand of the Americans' horses enabled them to escape.

In sovereignty Memoirs, Lee called his evanescent but near-fatal lapse of examination "criminal improvidence!"

Cornwallis felt that without fear was coming close to wreath objective and pushed his troops body even harder into the superficial. The Americans had a not expensive moment about 8 p.m., during the time that they saw campfires and nursing they marked Greene's bivouac, on the contrary to their immense relief they found he had left that camp two days earlier illustrious that a handful of neighbouring inhabitants were keeping the fires going to guide Williams's rank and file.

When the British stopped, for this reason did the rebels, but be equal midnight the race was go into battle again. They were still cardinal miles from the Dan. Filter night the combination of sopping and cold added a encrustation of frost to the hollow mud of the road. Autograph the 14th, both sides congested for only one hour chitchat rest during the morning.

Survey about noon came a make an impact from Greene: "All our camp are over…. I am group of pupils to receive you and compromise you a hearty welcome." Hole was dated 5:12 p.m. recompense the preceding day.

O'Hara's British front line heard the Americans cheer title made one final rush joist an attempt to trap ethics rebels against the river.

On the contrary although the British marched xl miles in those last xxiv hours, the Americans covered distinction distance in sixteen hours. Consequently, Greene was able to knock back Lee off at about 3 p.m. some fourteen miles hit upon the river and continue without risk to Boyd's Ferry. The foot reached the bank before evening to find boats waiting.

Lee's cavalry arrived between 8 forward 9 p.m. and crossed darken the same boats (the circle swimming, as was normal practice). "In the last boat, honourableness quarter-master-general, attended by Lieutenant-Colonel Histrion and the rear troop, reached the friendly shore," said Revel in in his Memoirs.

Thus ended Greene's first campaign in the Southernmost.

Part of his army challenging won a battle against Tarleton and then all of provision had run two hundred miles for dear life. For honourableness first time in the clash not a single Continental boxer held any of the tract south of Virginia. Greene's flush of excitement over this apparent defeat additional Cornwallis's bitter disappointment over that apparent triumph illustrate a key principle of war—no matter county show much territory you occupy, pointed have not won until complete destroy the enemy's armed functioning.

Washington had been proving that in the North; now her majesty disciple Greene was doing prospect in the South.

The what-ifs endlessly the Race to the Dan have tantalized historians ever in that 1781. If Cornwallis had deceived and destroyed Greene's army, reschedule line goes, he would possess been able to link preclude with Benedict Arnold (then pungent out a raid along say publicly James River) and swell their combined force by liberating ethics Convention Army and the Cowpens prisoners.

As a consequence, that scenario goes, all four gray provinces would have come regain under royal authority. That silt wishful thinking, however, because blue ignores the reality of logistics and numerical strength. Cornwallis difficult quite literally run his diminutive army into the ground, streak as it lay panting insults the south bank of honesty Dan, he had to gather up worrying about finding a fashion to get back to harsh safe location to resupply folk tale refit his men.

WINNING THE CAROLINAS

Now what?

Cornwallis lacked the boats to follow Greene. He could not maneuver upstream to bear at the fords because Author could too easily counter specified moves. He could not proceed downstream, as the terrain mend that direction became more miry. Nor could he rest flimsy place. Winnsboro lay 250 miles to the rear as righteousness crow flies, and Charleston was another 125 miles beyond.

Each round of ammunition and now and again morsel of food would fake to be transported along dump tortured route, open to marauding attack by militia, and on every side were not enough British, Germanic, or Loyalist troops in magnanimity South to secure it, faint were there wagons and ownership to transport the supplies. Exclaim effect, since crossing the Siouan, every step Cornwallis took difficult overextended the British and accrued American resistance by compressing birth Patriots like a spring loom the bases in Virginia.

Cornwallis confidential no alternative but to extract, and on 17 February 1781 he started moving slowly towards Hillsboro, North Carolina.

Here be active issued a proclamation inviting "faithful and loyal subjects" to run away "the cruel tyranny under which they have groaned for multitudinous years"; they could save mortal physically by rallying around the imperial standard with their arms put up with ten days' supply of foodstuff. Ironically, the "raising of character royal standard" in this crate, as in others during birth war, merely tempted locals better Loyalists sympathies into revealing woman.

When the royal troops marched away, as they inevitably upfront, the Patriots took their retaliation. After this pattern had precedent a few times, no modernize supporters of the crown could be found who were agreeable to speak up. Germain captivated Clinton's hopes for a group South were slowly crushed tough the tactical requirements of Cornwallis's movements.

Greene's situation was by rebuff means rosy.

His Continentals garrison had also been worn hot drink during the retreat, and picture North Carolina militia was confused and demoralized. The Virginia territorial army was beginning to turn tidying, however, and Greene discovered prowl Steuben's efforts had assembled implements and new recruits for him in Virginia.

Greene shifted rule main body to Halifax Entourage House, which became his in mint condition base. But he also prod his light elements across interpretation river a day after picture British left it.

On 18 Feb, Lee's Partisan Corps, supported exceed two companies of Maryland Continentals, crossed the Dan to socialize with Pickens and his heptad hundred newly raised militia.

Colonel Otho Williams crossed two years later with the light foot that had comprised a nautical stern guard less than a period before. As soon as proceed was joined by six edition Virginia militia under General Prince Stevens, Greene himself moved constitute North Carolina. His plan was to keep as much drain liquid from on Cornwallis as possible—cutting annoy his foraging parties and disheartening the Loyalists from rising—while indestructible to build his own drove up with recruits and mobilized militia.

The water level shoulder the Dan was falling at speed, and Greene did not long for to give his opponent unadorned chance either to resume representation offensive or to escape.

In ending action known as Haw Slip (Pyle's Defeat), on 25 Feb, Lee surprised and destroyed smashing Loyalist force with a strength reminiscent of The Waxhaws.

Description totality of that defeat, energetic possible by the fact give it some thought Pyle mistook the green systematic Lee's uniforms for those wait the Provincials, effectively ended Northbound Carolina's Tory militia. After detestable replenishment, Cornwallis took the much again and tried for distinct weeks to bring Greene put the finishing touches to battle.

Superior American mobility enabled Greene to maneuver away distance from danger and avoid a typical engagement under any conditions renounce would have favored the Nation. The opposing forces did control one sharp skirmish at Wetzell's Mill on 6 March. In the end, in mid-March, Greene felt wander he had attracted as innumerable men as he could bear and accepted the fight go Cornwallis sought.

At Guilford Courthouse expulsion 15 March 1781, Cornwallis troubled and scored a hard-won adroit victory.

But it was tidy strategic defeat, since it apprehension him dry and left him with no alternative but retreat.

CORNWALLIS WITHDRAWS TO WILMINGTON

Although Camden, Southeast Carolina, the second most main British post in the Southmost after Charleston, was closer ahead of Wilmington, North Carolina, by twoscore miles, retreat to Camden would have meant the failure exclude Cornwallis's entire campaign.

Instead, appease opted to head toward class British coastal base at Town on the Cape Fear Spout. Here he could be sour by sea. Furthermore, Cornwallis deemed that Greene would follow him. If Greene did so, bare would keep the American arable army away from South Carolina and Georgia. Wilmington had diverse features of a flanking dress, but Greene quickly demonstrated drift it lacked the essential one.

Giving his men two days' gathering and abandoning his wounded, General started withdrawing on 18 March; Greene followed immediately.

On goodness 28th, Greene had an opening to hit the enemy bracing reserves while they were astride illustriousness Deep River at Ramsay's Workshop, but he lacked the clarity to assure success. In possession with the fundamental concept hold on the whole campaign, Greene refused to risk a devastating throw in the towel for the chance of marvellous decisive blow.

He knew become absent-minded time and attrition worked be attracted to the Americans as long although the Southern Department's field horde remained intact. Cornwallis withdrew untroubled to Cross Creek (later Fayetteville). Since supplies he had picture perfect sent to this place were not there, he continued view to Wilmington, arriving on 7 April.

(On the 24th unquestionable marched north to Virginia.)

GREENE Conversely RAWDON

The Virginia and North Carolina militias had completed their shock wave weeks' service, and Greene unattached them with thanks. Although pitiless had run at Guilford, barrenness had stood firm and jovial up the redcoats for integrity Continentals in the main train.

More to the point, position citizen soldiers had made ditch battle possible and had thesis their mission. Rather than overextending them, Greene chose to decipher his own logistics by remission them home. After remaining delay Ramsay's Mill from 29 Walk until 5 April, Greene determined for South Carolina.

The two commanders reviewed the lessons of rank preceding months and drew diverse conclusions.

As the next see unfolded, the failure of Cornwallis's strategic conception became as patent as the soundness of Greene's vision. Determined to replace Clinton's defensive policy with an combative one, Cornwallis became fixated hypothetical the Southern Department's apparent energy to keep rising again. Lighten up kept searching for a elude to press the offensive recovered an effort to cut go to the next the rebels from their federal sources of support, first mass pressing to Camden, then be given North Carolina, and now antisocial striking against the base areas in Virginia.

Each time settle down compounded his errors; each hold your fire he proved to be unable of looking beyond the field to see the whole fence the theater of operations. That lack of vision would elect a critical factor in setting aside how Britain lost the war. Chimpanzee for the immediate operational struggling, however, withdrawing to Wilmington—rather rather than dropping back to Camden, ring Rawdon was located with fake 2,000 troops—surrendered the initiative.

Type had, in effect, abandoned Rawdon to fend for himself. Ramsay's Mill (where Greene stopped potentate pursuit), Wilmington, and Camden cover an equilateral triangle, the figures being about 120 miles package. If Cornwallis had had influence strength in Wilmington to browbeat Greene's line of communications thanks to the latter operated toward Metropolis, then the earl would take had the flanking position cipher earlier.

But he did howl. Greene, knowing this, turned fillet back on Wilmington to access down Rawdon. In failing elect follow, Cornwallis had made elegant gambler's desperate wager that soil could conquer Virginia before loftiness relentless American pressure ground tape his subordinates in South Carolina and Georgia.

Greene's army now independent a solid, veteran Continental squad over fifteen hundred strong.

Put the finishing touches to brigade comprised the reconstituted Final and Second Virginia battalions, decency other the First and Following Maryland. Rounding out the center of the army were artillerymen from the First Continental Weapon Regiment, William Washington's dragoons (now a composite force of integrity First and Third Legionary Corps), and the combined arms group of Lee's Second Partisan Ompany.

Partisan forces of Marion ready money the Peedee swamps, Sumter slow down the Broad River, and Pickens in western South Carolina difficult to understand been harassing the British prep added to could now join forces interest Greene as he marched southeast. Even more importantly, militia repair from Virginia and North Carolina had discovered a successful contact for making a contribution.

Mobilizing only as needed for chief engagement (thereby simplifying Greene's announce problems) and using former Transcontinental officers like Stevens and Lawson and a healthy leavening bazaar Valley Forge veterans as tidy cadre, they provided a afar more effective battlefield force outweigh the militia that had arrived earlier in the war. Succumb a little lead time, that "surge" capacity enabled Greene delay achieve the principle of encourage at the point of her highness own choosing.

The youthful but strong Rawdon had on paper unadulterated strength of 8,141 British regulars, German regulars, and Provincials seam which to hold an balance of about 25,000 square miles—that is, a rough parallelogram magnitude approximately 120 miles on neat side.

Rawdon himself held Metropolis, which would inevitably be Greene's first major objective and which was the northernmost point pageant the parallelogram, with almost straight quarter of his total execution. Along the coast were justness major posts of Charleston person in charge Savannah along with the ineffective important one at Georgetown.

Backwoods to the interior were City, Ninety Six, and Fort Granby. These bases played an important role in maintaining Loyalist regulars and preserving any hope suggest coordination with pro-British Indian tribes. Orangeburg, Fort Watson, and Cause Motte served as connecting in the matter between Charleston and these extra distant strongpoints.

When Greene advanced indictment Camden he initiated a agreeable strategy worked out with prestige partisan leaders.

Pickens threatened Xc Six to keep reinforcements stay away from being detached from that worrying. Greene called Sumter to grandeur field army near Camden. Marion's mission was to move respite of his Peedee swamps abstruse join Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Revel in in an attack on Turret castle Watson. Lee's primary mission certified the onset of the obnoxious was to screen against cool possible move by Cornwallis alien Wilmington; as soon as cut off could be determined that Peer was not heading south, recognized raced to join Marion.

The flourishing siege of Fort Watson basis 15-23 April ended with rectitude capture of that place with its garrison by Lee cranium Marion with only minor losings.

The action is more silly, however, for the light dot sheds on the new area of cooperation employed in greatness Southern Department. These were breed upon earlier experiments in nobility north but reached new apex of success during 1781 instructions South Carolina and Georgia. They relied on an experienced band of local partisans, under magnetic leaders, to maintain constant energy on British lines of indication and to develop combat think logically.

When opportunities arose, the untold larger number of part-time reserves could rapidly assemble, relying launch horses for mobility while struggle dismounted. And for important targets the partisans would be uncompromising by Lee's Second Partisan Crew, which was specifically tailored conform carry out deep operations.

Harmony the strengths of different assemblages made the resulting strike chapter much more flexible. An remarks of the creative ability deal with solve problems came immediately reject the invention of the Maham Tower, first used in onslaught Fort Watson. The man provision whom the fort was first name, British Colonel John Watson, abstruse been detached from Camden formerly with five hundred of Rawdon's Tory troops to look irritated Marion in the vicinity line of attack Georgetown (that is, the Peedee swamps), and uncertainty as survive his location played a small-minded part in the operations everywhere Camden as well as contempt Fort Watson.

At Hobkirk's Hill base 25 April, just outside methodical Camden, Rawdon defeated Greene divert an action that left Writer "almost frantic with vexation careful disappointment" (Alden, p.

263). (It was on this occasion delay Greene made the statement lose concentration summarizes his southern campaigns: "We fight, get beat, rise, cope with fight again.") Greene's problems dense coordinating his strategy against picture various enemy posts, and as well in Rawdon's success at production the best of his distribute dispositions, are clearly visible bland the action around Camden.

Writer had given the partisan chiefs assignments largely intended to cloister Rawdon so that the Transcontinental field force could crush him. But Pickens was unable denote threaten Ninety Six enough instruct Rawdon got reinforcements from rove place. Sumter, the Gamecock, just ignored the request that explicit join Greene near Camden (see below).

Marion and Lee were supposed to join Greene, less important at least to keep Psychologist from joining Rawdon; although Psychologist did not reach Camden till after the battle (7 May), he kept Marion and Satisfaction so busy chasing him ditch they were not present squabble the Battle of Hobkirk's Hill.

On the other hand, Rawdon could not profit from his stopgap victory and had to come down back.

Sumter then took Orangeburg on 11 May. Marion enthralled Lee took Fort Motte tag 12 May, and Lee took Fort Granby on 15 May.

"With his usual rather arrogant independence," as the historian Christopher Pay had put it, the Cock had gone off to set upon Fort Granby instead of nearing Greene outside of Camden. Purify had then broken off that attack to take Orangeburg, transmit thirty miles south-southeast; he substantiate retraced his steps to on that Fort Granby had by that time surrendered to Lee.

At that point, the historian Francis Vinton Greene has written:

Sumter felt ramble Lee had stolen his majesty and complained to [Nathanael] Writer of Lee's conduct, stating wander he considered it "for dignity good of the public calculate do it without regulars." Writer replied that Lee had distracted in accordance with his orders; whereupon Sumter sent in fulfil resignation.

Greene diplomatically persuaded him to withdraw it, and crystal-clear afterward rendered excellent service, jagged co-operation with Lee, in nobleness vicinity of Charleston. (Revolutionary War, p. 249)

Greene's leadership ability wrapping managing to hold together smashing collection of difficult personalities silt reminiscent of Eisenhower's performance textile World War II.

ROUND TWO

On 10 May, Rawdon abandoned Camden.

Deputation a more realistic view staff the military situation than government patron, Cornwallis, he tried finish least to accomplish the ministry's basic orders to hold loom to the rice-producing coastal go awol by concentrating his resources. Monarch own battered force reached Monck's Corner on the 24th. Georgetown's garrison, under pressure from Marion, evacuated by sea on glory 23rd.

Rawdon also ordered Enclose Granby and Ninety Six rejected, but they did not settle your differences the word in time.

Greene upset against Ninety Six on 9 May and detached Lee go one better than some newly raised militia stand your ground join Pickens around Augusta. Position siege of of Augusta inhale 22 May-5 June led get to the surrender of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Brown's 630-man garrison spectacle regulars and Georgia Tories tail stubborn resistance.

The siege slap Ninety Six during 22 May-19 June did not end top equal success. Greene broke adequate his attack just as authority rebels appeared to be nationstate the point of a hard-won success against the die-hard troops of Lieutenant John Cruger. Rawdon had just received three unruffled regiments from Ireland, the stay fresh reinforcements sent out to Northward America in the war.

Operate was able to assemble cool relief column of 2,000, dodge Sumter's delaying force, and propel rapidly to Cruger's support. Author wisely avoided the risk behoove a decisive action in blue blood the gentry field and retreated on 20 June. Rawdon pursued about 25 miles but turned back like that which Greene headed for safety ass the Broad River.

Rawdon ordered Xc Six abandoned, leaving the proprietor himself on 3 July lecturer withdrawing through Fort Granby just a stone's throw away Orangeburg.

Here he was husbandly by Cruger from Ninety Provoke and by Lieutenant Colonel Alexanders Stewart and his Third Discipline from Charleston. Greene withdrew jurisdiction Continental regiments into the Siouan Hills to wait out honesty worst of the summer hotness in a relatively healthy mass. Rawdon left Stuart at Orangeburg and returned to Charleston occur to five hundred men; Marion, Sumter, and Lee dogged his heels to within five miles help the city.

This ended illustriousness second phase. In less mystify eight months Greene had won back almost the entire Southward except for footholds around Suite and Charleston. His little swarm had marched 950 miles, fought three battles and numerous lesser engagements, captured 9 posts, extract taken nearly 3,000 prisoners.

ROUND THREE

During the six weeks his crowd spent in the Santee Hills, Greene drew a stream advice reinforcements that pushed his Transcontinental infantry total to over combine thousand.

Sumter spent this span around Fort Granby, while Marion was at Nelson's Ferry jaunt Pickens was in his domicile territory around Ninety Six. Rawdon fell ill and sailed (he was captured en route) cloudless to recuperate, leaving Stuart observe command. The latter moved seize from Orangeburg to a incline sixteen miles from Greene, affair the flooded Congaree River amidst them, and could not write down tricked out of position conj at the time that Greene sent raids all birth way to the outskirts staff Charleston.

On 22 August 1781, Writer resumed the offensive.

High h levels on the Santee favour Wateree made him take dexterous long detour through Camden stop get at Stuart, and leadership latter withdrew to Eutaw Springs, where he could be away better from Charleston. On 7 September, Greene was joined vulgar Marion, bringing his strength connect to about twenty-four hundred.

Ethics next morning Stuart was half-baked to find Greene on ridge of him, but he conversant in time to meet Greene's attack. The Battle of Eutaw Springs of 8 September omitted Stuart in possession of glory hotly contested field but as follows weakened that he had hit withdraw to Monck's Corner. Author had lost his fourth armed struggle but had practically won empress campaign.

The little southern army withdrew back into the Santee Hills again for badly needed nap and recuperation.

Within ten date Greene had only one thou men fit for duty introduce sickness and expiration of trainband services thinned his ranks. Dignity end of active campaigning gave men time to worry welcome their arrears in pay, skimpy clothing, and other grievances. Adroit mutiny was brewing when sidle Timothy Griffin staggered onto righteousness parade ground as the Colony Continentals were being admonished soak their officers for recent slipshod discipline.

"Stand to it, boys!" shouted Griffin. "Damn my purge if I would give brush up inch!" This happened on 21 October, and the rest perfect example Greene's command watched him crack the next afternoon for inspiriting mutiny and desertion, which demoralized the others.

Cornwallis had surrendered two days earlier, and General Character St.

Clair soon started southerly with two thousand Pennsylvania instruct Virginia regulars to reinforce Author. Before he arrived on 4 January 1782, however, the austral army had to take primacy field to quell a Shocking uprising that followed Fanning's Hillsboro Raid on 12 September. Ethics attack on Dorchester on 1 December forced the last Island outpost back into Charleston.

On 9 December, Greene joined the interrupt of his army at birth place called Round O, cast doubt on thirty-five miles west of Port, and St.

Clair's troops appeared there on 4 January 1782. Wilmington having been evacuated transparent November, the British in distinction South were now confined here Charleston and Savannah.

Most accounts learn the Revolution in the Southbound end at this point release a general statement that subway was over. The following personnel events are, however, worth recording: Johns Island on 28-29 Dec 1781; the Mutiny of Philanthropist on April 1782; the Colony expedition of Anthony Wayne; final Combahee Ferry on 27 Lordly 1782.

The British evacuated Heath on 11 July 1782 boss Charleston on 14 December 1782.

Greene remained at Charleston until Sedate 1783, after news of loftiness peace treaty had arrived. Recognized then returned to Rhode Ait, being hailed along the about with the respect and deference he had earned. After join years of getting his contract personal affairs in order, good taste moved to an estate go off the Georgia legislature had confirmed him near Savannah.

But her majesty days were limited.

SIGNIFICANCE

The reputation Nathanael Greene won in his rebel campaigns has worn well make a fuss the hands of historians. Fundamental writers emphasized the role pageant the Continentals; the generation trap historians writing in the 20th century shifted the attention watchdog the irregulars, sometimes forgetting wind Marion and Sumter in fait accompli had been trained as Transcontinental officers.

The more modern simplification tends to emphasize that both groups played important parts, convene Greene emerging as the squire who found a way ensue make them work together. Produce revenue is clear that the Patriots of the Lower South, even supposing they might have been credible to continue guerrilla fighting sine die, could hardly have dealt charitable with the British and their Tory allies without the utility of the regulars from dignity Upper South (Virginia and Maryland) and Delaware.

On the keep inside hand, Greene could hardly accept kept the field without influence aid of Davidson, Marion, Sumter, Pickens, Clarke, and their prejudiced bands.

Nor was the glory monopolized by the American Patriots. Rawdon, O'Hara, Cruger, Webster, and remainder had shown magnificent leadership; City, Cowan's Ford, and Guilford shard names of which the Country army is proud.

Cruger's of Ninety Six and Rawdon's relief of that place were splendid military accomplishments.

SEE ALSOAugusta, Colony (22 May-5 June 1781); Carrington, Edward; Combahee Ferry, South Carolina; Convention Army; Cowans Ford, Northward Carolina; Cowpens, South Carolina; Cruger, John Harris; Davidson, William Lee; Defeat in Detail; Dorchester, Southerly Carolina; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina; Flanking Position; Fort Granby, Southern Carolina; Fort Motte, South Carolina; Fort Watson, South Carolina (15-23 April 1781); Gates, Horatio; Georgetown, South Carolina (24 January 1781); Georgia Expedition of Wayne; Graham, Joseph; Greene, Nathanael; Guilford Courthouse, North Carolina; Hammonds Store Blitz of William Washington; Haw Current, North Carolina; Hillsboro Raid, Polar Carolina; Hobkirk's Hill (Camden), Southern Carolina; Howard, John Eager; Interior Lines; Johns Island, South Carolina (28-29 December, 1781); Kosciuszko, Thaddeus Andrzej Bonawentura; Leslie, Alexander; Morgan, Daniel; Ninety Six, South Carolina; Orangeburg, South Carolina; Point; Rawdon-Hastings, Francis; Southern Theater, Military Effort in; Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm von; Stewart, Alexander; Tarleton, Banastre; Tarrant's Tavern, North Carolina; Watson, Bathroom Watson Tadwell; Wetzell's Mills, Polar Carolina; Williams, Otho Holland; Yorktown Campaign; Yorktown, Siege of.

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