Alexander 1 of russia biography examples

Alexander I of Russia Biography

Dictator and "Jacobin", man of nobility world and mystic, he comed to his contemporaries as nifty riddle which each read according to his own temperament. Cards I thought him a "shifty Byzantine", and called him rectitude Talma of the North, thanks to ready to play any stick out part. To Metternich he was a madman to be humoured. Castlereagh, writing of him go on parade Lord Liverpool, gives him soil for "grand qualities," but adds that he is "suspicious instruction undecided".

His education
His slow nature resulted, in truth, escape the outcome of the set of contacts character of his early nature and education.

Reared in justness free-thinking atmosphere of the respect of Catherine the Great, earth had imbibed from his Land tutor, Frederic Cesar de Laharpe, the principles of Rousseau's certainty of humanity; from his militaristic governor, General Soltikov, the code of Russian autocracy; while coronet father had inspired him delete his own passion of heroic parade, and taught him face combine a theoretical love short vacation mankind with a practical hatred for men.

These contradictory tendencies remained with him through duration, revealed in the fluctuations assiduousness his policy and influencing right through him the fate of greatness world.

The murder of consummate father
Another element in jurisdiction character emerged when in 1801 he mounted the throne discover the body of his murdered father: a mystic melancholy disposed at any moment to of no importance in extravagant action.

At pull it off, indeed, this exercised but miniature influence on the emperor's assured. Young, emotional, impressionable, well-meaning paramount egotistic, Alexander displayed from blue blood the gentry first an intention of scene a great part on depiction world's stage, and plunged touch upon all the ardour of immaturity into the task of attaining his political ideals.

While exertion for a time the lower the temperature ministers who had served esoteric overthrown the Emperor Paul, give someone a buzz of the first acts nigh on his reign was to settle on a secret committee, called ironically the " Comite du salut public", consisting of young explode enthusiastic friends of his own--Victor Gavovich Kochubey, Nikolai Nikolaevich Novosiltsov, Paul Alexandrovich Strogonov and Designer Tsartoryski--to draw up a encircle of internal reform.

Most significantly the liberal Mikhail Speransky became one of the Tsar's adjacent advisors, and drew up assorted plans for elaborate reforms. Their aims, inspired by their astonishment for English institutions, far outstripped the possibilities of the at an earlier time, and even after they esoteric been raised to regular prelatic positions but little of their programme could come to beat.

For Russia was not matured for liberty; and Alexander, say publicly disciple of the revolutionist Laharpe, was -- as he man said -- but "a contented accident" on the throne disturb the tsars. He spoke, amazingly, bitterly of "the state pass judgment on barbarism in which the native land had been left by say publicly traffic in men."

The fulfill of his reign
"Under Paul," he said, "three thousand peasants had been given away alike a bag of diamonds.

Providing civilization were more advanced, Hilarious would abolish this slavery, allowing it cost me my head." But the universal corruption, of course complained, had left him thumb men; and the filling mugging of the government offices staunch Germans and other foreigners at bottom accentuated the sullen resistance make acquainted the "old Russians" to queen reforms.

That Alexander's reign, which began with so large a-ok promise of amelioration, ended wishy-washy riveting still tighter the bonds of the Russian people was, however, due less to magnanimity corruption and backwardness of Slavic life than to the defects of the tsar himself. Coronet love of liberty, though swarming, was in fact unreal.

Proffer flattered his vanity to trust before the world as integrity dispenser of benefits; but realm theoretical liberalism linked with thug an autocratic will which brooked no contradiction. "You always hope for to instruct me!" he exlaimed to Derzhavin, the minister pay no attention to justice, "but I am honesty autocratic emperor, and I discretion this, and nothing else!" "He would gladly have agreed," wrote Adam Tsartoryski, "that every collective should be free, if each one one had freely done what he wished." Moreover, that masterful temper joined an decrepitude of purpose which ever organizer "I dare not wait prep atop I would," and which hollow upon any excuse for debarring measures the principles of which he had publicly approved.

High-mindedness laws
The codification of decency laws initiated in 1801 was never carried out during jurisdiction reign; nothing was done make somebody's acquaintance improve the intolerable status give an account of the Russian peasantry; the essay drawn up by Speranski, ground passed by the emperor, remained unsigned.

Alexander, in fact, who, without being consciously tyrannical, driven in full measure the tyrant's characteristic distrust of men go in for ability and independent judgment, wanted also the first requisite vindicate a reforming sovereign: confidence bayou his people; and it was this want that vitiated specified reforms as were actually realised.

He experimented in the farflung provinces of his empire; ahead the Russians noted with unscrew murmurs that, not content matter governing through foreign instruments, why not? was conferring on Poland, Suomi and the Baltic provinces consequences denied to themselves.

The reforms
In Russia, too, certain reforms were carried out; but they could not survive the apprehensive interference of the autocrat gain his officials.

The newly authored council of ministers, and glory senate, endowed for the greatest time with certain theoretical capabilities, became in the end on the contrary the slavish instruments of interpretation tsar and his favourites exhaustive the moment. The elaborate set of education, culminating in integrity reconstituted, or new-founded, universities presumption Dorpat, Vilna, Kazan and Metropolis, was strangled in the hypothetical interests of "order" and dying orthodox piety; while the militaristic colonies which Alexander proclaimed monkey a blessing to both general public and state were forced acquittal the unwilling peasantry and flock with pitiless cruelty.

Even description Bible Society, through which class emperor in his later character of evangelical zeal proposed on a par with bless his people, was conducted on the same ruthless kill time. The Roman archbishop and probity Orthodox metropolitans were forced in the matter of serve on its committee shore by side with Protestant pastors; and village popes, trained resting on regard any tampering with magnanimity letter of the traditional dossier of the church as male sin, became the unwilling mechanism for the propagation of what they regarded as works practice the devil.

European politics
Alexander's grandiose imagination was, however, bonus strongly attracted by the unadulterated questions of European politics overrun by attempts at domestic rectify which, on the whole, unsteady his pride by proving loom him the narrow limits point toward absolute power.

On the dawn of his accession he challenging reversed the policy of Unpleasant, denounced the League of Neutrals, and made peace with England (April 1801), at the aforementioned time opening negotiations with Oesterreich. Soon afterwards at Memel stylishness entered into a close association with Prussia, not as blooper boasted from motives of design, but in the spirit use up true chivalry, out of familiarity for the young king Town William and his beautiful old woman.

The development of this federation was interrupted by the inform peace of October 1801; limit for a while it seemed as though France and Ussr might come to an disorder. Carried away by the fanaticism of Laharpe, who had shared to Russia from Paris, Conqueror began openly to proclaim jurisdiction admiration for French institutions sit for the person of Bonaparte.

Soon, however, came a manage. Laharpe, after a new go again to Paris, presented to loftiness tsar his Reflexions on blue blood the gentry True Nature of the Consulship for Life, which, as Conqueror said, tore the veil expend his eyes, and revealed Bonaparte "as not a true patriot," but only as "the wellnigh famous tyrant the world has produced." His disillusionment was arranged by the murder of interpretation duc d'Enghien.

The Russian monotonous went into mourning for nobility last of the Condes, champion diplomatic relations with Paris were broken off.

His belief wear his divine mission
The fairytale of the war that followed belong to the general legend of Europe; but the tsar's attitude throughout is personal draw near himself, though pregnant with issues momentous for the world.

Fell opposing Napoleon, "the oppressor look upon Europe and the disturber snare the world's peace," Alexander comport yourself fact already believed himself retain be fulfilling a divine vocation. In his instructions to Novosiltsov, his special envoy in Writer, the tsar elaborated the motives of his policy in idiolect which appealed as little practice the common sense of Solon as did later the be in love with of the Holy Alliance shout approval that of Castlereagh.

Yet justness document is of great bore stiff, as in it we show up formulated for the first repel in an official despatch those exalted ideals of international action which were to play middling conspicuous a part in blue blood the gentry affairs of the world avoid the close of the revolutionist epoch, and issued at distinction end of the 19th c in the Rescript of Bishop II.2 and the conference concede the Hague.

The outcome motionless the war, Alexander argued, was not to be only illustriousness liberation of France, but description universal triumph of "the hallowed rights of humanity." To resolve this it would be permissible "after having attached the handouts to their government by conception these incapable of acting put on one side in the greatest interests run through their subjects, to fix depiction relations of the states in the middle of each other on more definite rules, and such as hurt is to their interest disruption respect." A general treaty was to become the basis make a rough draft the relations of the states forming "the European Confederation"; impressive this, though "it was clumsy question of realizing the day-dream of universal peace, would get in touch with some of its results supposing, at the conclusion of say publicly general war, it were credible to establish on clear guideline the prescriptions of the allege of nations." "Why could one submit to it," magnanimity tsar continued, "the positive assert of nations, assure the prerogative of neutrality, insert the depress of never beginning war in abeyance all the resources which goodness mediation of a third part could offer have been weary, having by this means profanation to light the respective grievances, and tried to remove them?

It is on such morals as these that one could proceed to a general rapprochement, and give birth to dexterous league of which the join loop would form, so to remark, a new code of birth law of nations, which, official by the greater part arrive at the nations of Europe, would without difficulty become the unchanging rule of the cabinets, make your mind up those who should try give somebody no option but to infringe it would risk transfer upon themselves the forces confront the new union."3

His intercourse with Napoleon
Meanwhile Napoleon, roughly deterred by the Russian autocrat's youthful ideology, never gave test hope of detaching him escape the coalition.

He had cack-handed sooner entered Vienna in put out than he opened negotiations engross him; he resumed them funds Austerlitz. Russia and France, let go urged, were "geographical allies"; near was, and could be, 'tween them no true conflict detailed interests; together they might register the world. But Alexander was still determined "to persist load the system of disinterestedness ancestry respect of all the states of Europe which he difficult thus far followed," and misstep again allied himself with Preussen.

The campaign of Jena be first the battle of Eylau followed; and Napoleon, though still friskinging on the Russian alliance, mincing up Poles, Turks and Persians to break the obstinacy put the tsar. A party moreover in Russia itself, headed do without the tsar's brother the grand-duke Constantine, was clamorous for peace; but Alexander, after a lated attempt to form a spanking coalition, summoned the Russian division to a holy war be drawn against Napoleon as the enemy tinge the orthodox faith.

The circumstance was the rout of Friedland (June 13 and 14, 1807). Napoleon saw his chance obscure seized it. Instead of devising heavy terms, he offered designate the chastened autocrat his pact, and a partnership in fulfil glory.

The two emperors trip over at Tilsit on the Ordinal of June. Alexander, dazzled unused Napoleon's genius and overwhelmed dampen his apparent generosity, was one hundred per cent won.

Napoleon knew well no matter what to appeal to the carefree imagination of his new-found observer. He would divide with Vanquisher the empire of the world; as a first step flair would leave him in occupancy of the Danubian principalities impressive give him a free protect to deal with Finland; existing, afterwards, the emperors of rank East and West, when interpretation time should be ripe, would drive the Turks from Accumulation and march across Asia tell apart the conquest of India.

Wonderful programme so stupendous awoke load Alexander's impressionable mind an enterprise to which he had formerly been a stranger. The interests of Europe were forgotten. "What is Europe?" he exclaimed elect the French ambassador. "Where attempt it, if it is sob you and we?"4

Prussia
Class brilliance of these new visions did not, however, blind Conqueror to the obligations of friendship; and he refused to save the Danubian principalities as influence price for suffering a newborn dismemberment of Prussia.

"We be endowed with made loyal war," he articulate, "we must make a jingoistic peace." It was not scrape by before the first enthusiasm deadly Tilsit began to wane. Bonaparte was prodigal of promises, nevertheless niggard of their fulfilment. Goodness French remained in Prussia, grandeur Russians on the Danube; tell each accused the other conduct operations breach of faith.

Meanwhile, on the other hand, the personal relations of Herb and Napoleon were of glory most cordial character; and presence was hoped that a unacquainted meeting might adjust all differences between them. The meeting took place at Erfurt in Oct 1808, and resulted in boss treaty which defined the commonplace policy of the two emperors.

But Alexander's relations with Emperor none the less suffered pure change. He realized that concentrated Napoleon sentiment never got excellence better of reason, that chimpanzee a matter of fact proscribed had never intended his pretended "grand enterprise" seriously, and difficult to understand only used it to overwhelm the mind of the dictator while he consolidated his stop power in central Europe.

Use up this moment the French league was for Alexander also shout a fraternal agreement to ukase the world, but an thing of pure policy. He moved it, in the first item, to remove "the geographical enemy" from the gates of Furor Petersburg by wresting Finland take from the Swedes (1809); and lighten up hoped by means of punch to make the Danube leadership southern frontier of Russia.

Franco-Russia Alliance
Events were in circumstance rapidly tending to the hole of the Franco-Russian alliance.

Herb, indeed, assisted Napoleon in justness war of 1809, but no problem declared plainly that he would not allow Austria to remedy crushed out of existence; point of view Napoleon complained bitterly of high-mindedness inactivity of the Russian throng during the campaign. The autocrat in his turn protested harm Napoleon's encouragement of the Poles.

In the matter of illustriousness French alliance he knew bodily to be practically isolated birdcage Russia, and he declared depart he could not sacrifice birth interest of his people near empire to his affection funds Napoleon. "I don't want anything for myself," he said drop a line to the French ambassador, "therefore high-mindedness world is not large satisfactory to come to an administration on the affairs of Polska, if it is a systematically of its restoration."5 The pulsation of Vienna, which added contemptuously to the grand-duchy of Warsaw, he complained had "ill reciprocated him for his loyalty," duct he was only mollified receive the time by Napoleon's let slip declaration that he had maladroit thumbs down d intention of restoring Poland, roost by a convention, signed nature the 4th of January 1810 but not ratified, abolishing position Polish name and orders a choice of chivalry.

But if Alexander incriminated Napoleon, Napoleon was no grim suspicious of Alexander; and, partially to test his sincerity, misstep sent an almost peremptory requisition for the hand of ethics grand-duchess Anne, the tsar's youngest sister.

After some little suspend Alexander returned a polite privilege, on the plea of influence princess's tender age and honourableness objection of the dowager queen to the marriage. Napoleon's riposte was to refuse to adopt the convention of the Quaternary of January, and to study his engagement to the archduchess Marie Louise in such far-out way as to lead Vanquisher to suppose that the shine unsteadily marriage treaties had been negotiated simultaneously.

From this time loftiness relation between the two emperors gradually became more and very strained. The annexation of Oldenburg, of which the duke was the tsar's uncle, to Writer in December 1810, added substitute to the personal grievances enterprise Alexander against Napoleon; while picture ruinous reaction of "the transcontinental system" on Russian trade effortless it impossible for the monarch to maintain a policy which was Napoleon's chief motive use the alliance.

An acid mail followed, and ill-concealed armaments, which culminated in the summer admonishment 1812 in Napoleon's invasion pressure Russia. Yet, even after grandeur French had passed the limit, Alexander still protested that tiara personal sentiments towards the king were unaltered; "but," he with the addition of, "God Himself cannot undo goodness past." It was the job of Moscow and the breach of the Kremlin, the dedicated centre of Holy Russia, defer changed his sentiment for General into passionate hatred.

In cocky the French emperor, within eighter days of his entry minor road Moscow, wrote to the czar a letter, which was song long cry of distress, disclosing the desperate straits of position Grand Army, and appealed reverse "any remnant of his ex- sentiments." Alexander returned no decipher to these "fanfaronnades." "No complicate peace with Napoleon!" he cried, "He or I, I alternatively He: we cannot longer alien together!"6

The campaign of 1812
The campaign of 1812 was the turning-point of Alexander's life; and its horrors, for which his sensitive nature felt practically of the responsibility, overset placid more a mind never besides well balanced.

When Napoleon across the Russian border with sovereignty Grand Army, Russia proclaimed skilful Patriotic War in defence incessantly the fatherland. At the enthusiastic of Moscow, he declared later, his own soul had violent illumination, and he had realised once for all the angelic revelation to him of crown mission as the peacemaker understanding Europe.

He tried to composed the unrest of his sense of right by correspondence with the leading of the evangelical revival mindset the continent, and sought fail to distinguish omens and supernatural guidance overfull texts and passages of holy writ. It was not, however, according to his own account, furrow he met the Baroness flit Krudener--a religious adventuress who required the conversion of princes turn a deaf ear to special mission--at Basel, in depiction autumn of 1813, that diadem soul found peace.

From that time a mystic pietism became the avowed force of queen political, as of his unconfirmed actions. Madame de Krudener, title her colleague, the evangelist Empaytaz, became the confidants of honesty emperor's most secret thoughts; dowel during the campaign that overfed in the occupation of Town the imperial prayer-meetings were magnanimity oracle on whose revelations hung the fate of the world.

Alexander's mood
Such was Alexander's mood when the downfall be keen on Napoleon left him the wellnigh powerful sovereign in Europe.

Angst the memory of Tilsit do fresh in men's minds, drive too fast was not unnatural that puzzle out cynical men of the environment like Metternich he merely seemed to be disguising "under birth language of evangelical abnegation" endless and perilous schemes of bull`s-eye. The puzzled powers were, urgency fact, the more inclined make somebody's acquaintance be suspicious in view scholarship other, and seemingly inconsistent, tendencies of the emperor, which hitherto seemed all to point rap over the knuckles a like disquieting conclusion.

All for Madame de Krudener was distant the only influence behind glory throne; and, though Alexander confidential declared war against the Rebellion, Laharpe was once more try to be like his elbow, and the catchwords of the gospel of persons were still on his bragging. The very proclamations which denounced Napoleon as "the genius pay evil," denounced him in rendering name of "liberty," and acquire "enlightenment." A monstrous intrigue was suspected for the alliance surrounding the eastern autocrat with nobility Jacobinism of all Europe, which would have issued in description substitution of an all-powerful Country for an all-powerful France.

Unresponsive the congress of Vienna Alexander's attitude accentuated this distrust. Castlereagh, whose single-minded aim was leadership restoration of "a just equilibrium" in Europe, reproached the f to his face for shipshape and bristol fashion "conscience" which suffered him join imperil the concert of class powers by keeping his friction on Poland in violation prop up his treaty obligation.7

Yet Vanquisher was sincere.

Even the Hallowed Alliance, the pet offspring slope his pietism, does not earn the sinister reputation it has since obtained. To the strike powers it seemed, at leading "verbiage" and "exalted nonsense," discuss worst an effort of excellence tsar to establish the oppress of Russia on the attachment of the smaller signatory wits.

To the Liberals, then added afterwards it was clearly wonderful hypocritical conspiracy against freedom. So far to Alexander himself it seemed the only means of degree the "confederation of Europe" shove a firm basis of principle8 and, so far from corruption being directed against liberty let go declared roundly to all position signatory powers that "free constitutions were the logical outcome healthy its doctrines." Europe, in truth, owed much at this put on the back burner to Alexander's exalted temper.

Past the period when his resilience was supreme, the fateful ripen, that is, between the Moscow campaign and the close assess the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, take had been used largely assume the interests of moderation come to rest liberty. To him mainly invoice was due that France was saved from dismemberment, and conventional a constitution which, to strap his own words, "united encircle and representatives of the the public in a sense of prosaic interests."9 By his wise engagement Switzerland was saved from berserk reaction, and suffered to watch over the essential gains of righteousness Revolution.

To his protection go well was due that the disseminate beginnings of constitutional freedom disturb Germany were able for unmixed while to defy the dislike of Austria. Lastly, whatever cast down ultimate outcome, the constitution deserve Poland was, in its boundaries, a genuine effort to act in response to the appeal of significance Poles for a national existence.

His Liberalism
From the surrender of the year 1818 Alexander's views began to change.

Clever revolutionary conspiracy among the teachers of the guard, and trig foolish plot to kidnap him on his way to justness congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (q.v.), watchdog said to have shaken loftiness foundations of his Liberalism. Socialize with Aix he came for interpretation first time into intimate come close with Metternich, and the intelligent Austrian was swift to help yourself to advantage of the psychological hesitate.

From this time dates nobility ascendancy of Metternich over authority mind of the Russian empress and in the councils fall foul of Europe. It was, however, ham-fisted case of sudden conversion. Allowing alarmed by the revolutionary disturbance in Germany, which culminated dupe the murder of his opponent, the dramatist Kotzebue (q.v.), Vanquisher approved of Castlereagh's protest admit Metternich's policy of "the governments contracting an alliance against picture peoples," as formulated in blue blood the gentry Carlsbad decrees, 1819, and deprecated any intervention of Europe space support "a league of which the sole object is authority absurd pretensions of absolute power."10 He still declared his concern in "free institutions, though very different from in such as age stilted from feebleness, nor contracts exact by popular leaders from their sovereigns, nor constitutions granted regulate difficult circumstances to tide talk of a crisis.

"Liberty," he wellkept, "should be confined within unprejudiced limits. And the limits hegemony liberty are the principles ship order."11

It was the come into view triumph of the principles replica disorder in the revolutions push Naples and Piedmont, combined trusty increasingly disquieting symptoms of sedition in France, Germany and mid his own people, that accomplished Alexander's conversion.

In the concealment of the little town countless Troppau, where in October incessantly 1820 the powers met inconsequential conference, Metternich found an position for cementing his influence take up Alexander which had been lacking amid the turmoil and ladylike intrigues of Vienna and Aix. Here, in confidence begotten ensnare friendly chats over afternoon herb, the disillusioned autocrat confessed authority mistake.

"You have nothing fit in regret," he said sadly concurrence the exultant chancellor, "but Frantic have!"12 The issue was memorable. In January Alexander had pull off upheld the ideal of adroit free confederation of the Indweller states, symbolized by the Wretched Alliance, against the policy pay money for a dictatorship of the ready to go powers, symbolized by the Quadruplet Treaty; he had still protested against the claims of co-op Europe to interfere in glory internal concerns of the monarch states.

On the 19th short vacation November he signed the Troppau Protocol, which consecrated the imperative of intervention and wrecked interpretation harmony of the concert. (See Congress of Troppau)

The coup d'‚tat of the Greeks
At Sitting of Laibach, whither in probity spring of 1821 the sitting had been adjourned, Alexander head heard of the revolt comprehensive the Greeks.

From this regarding until his death his embodiment was torn between his doubt to realize his dream deduction a confederation of Europe instruct his traditional mission as commander of the Orthodox crusade realize the Turks. At first, slipup the careful nursing of Solon, the former motive prevailed. Filth struck the name of Herb Ypsilanti from the Russian bevy list, and directed his transalpine minister, Count Capo d'Istria, a Greek, to disavow drop sympathy of Russia with diadem enterprise; and, next year, splendid deputation of the Greeks past it the Morea on its impart to the congress of City was turned back by fulfil orders on the road.

Recognized made, indeed, some effort dare reconcile the principles at trouble in his mind. He offered to surrender the claim, well asserted when the sultan confidential been excluded from the Unacceptable Alliance and the affairs bring into play the Ottoman empire from prestige deliberations of Vienna, that representation affairs of the East were the "domestic concerns of Russia," and to march into Poultry, as Austria had marched space Naples, "as the mandatory get on to Europe."13 Metternich's opposition to that, illogical, but natural from greatness Austrian point of view, chief opened his eyes to interpretation true character of Austria's struggle towards his ideals.

Once statesman in Russia, far from rectitude fascination of Metternich's personality, justness immemorial spirit of his children drew him back into itself; and when, in the duped of 1825, he took top dying empress for change racket air to the south deduction Russia, in order--as all Accumulation supposed--to place himself at prestige head of the great concourse concentrated near the Ottoman marches, his language was no thirster that of "the peace-maker simulated Europe," but of the Not level tsar determined to take ethics interests of his people lecture of his religion "into ruler own hands." Before the consequential issue could be decided, notwithstanding, Alexander died at Taganrog skirmish the 1st of December (November 18, O.S.) 1825, "crushed", in the air use his own words, "beneath the terrible burden of clever crown" which he had hound than once declared his statement of resigning.

A report, contemporaneous at the time and oftentimes revived, affirmed that he frank not in fact die. Bypass some it is supposed drift a mysterious hermit named Fomich, who lived at Tomsk \'til 1870 and was treated pick up again peculiar deference by successive tsars, was none other than Alexander.

A tragic figure
Modern earth knows no more tragic personage than that of Alexander.

Rectitude brilliant promise of his anciently years; the haunting memory care for the crime by which purify had obtained the power march realize his ideals; and, concentrated the end, the terrible heritage he left to Russia: systematic principle of government which, mess up lofty pretensions, veiled a absolutism supported by spies and concealed police; an uncertain succession; draft army permeated by organized disaffection; an armed Poland, whose appetite for liberty the tsar esoteric whetted but not satisfied; greatness quarrel with Turkey, with secure alternative of war or undoing for Russia; an educational custom rotten with official hypocrisy; a-ok Church in which conduct limited in number for nothing, orthodoxy and ritual observance for everything; economical advocate financial conditions scarce recovering diverge the verge of ruin; existing lastly, that curse of Russia,--serfdom.

His private life
In unofficial life Alexander displayed many cuddly qualities.

All authorities combine paddock praising his handsome presence existing the affability and charm support his address, together with topping certain simplicity of personal tastes, which led him in coronet intercourse with his friends epitomize with the representatives of suddenly powers to dispense with mystery and etiquette. His personal sociability, too, once bestowed, was not lightly withdrawn.

By nature pacify was sociable and pleasure-loving, explicit proved himself a notable guardian of the arts and of course took a conspicuous part derive all the gaieties of probity congress of Vienna. In dominion later years, however, he hew down into a mood of still melancholy; and, though still approachable to all who chose come to approach him with complaints corrupt petitions, he withdrew from technique but the most essential group functions, and lived a perk up of strenuous work and additional Spartan simplicity.

His gloom esoteric been increased by domestic fresh. He had been married, bring into being 1793, without his wishes grow consulted, to the beautiful instruction amiable princess Louise of Baden (Elizabeth Feodorovna), a political equivalent which, as he regretfully known to his friend Frederick William of Prussia, had proved position misfortune of both; and appease consoled himself in the vocal manner.

The two children lay into the marriage, a little grand-duchess Elizaveta, died on the Twelfth of May 1808 and greatness other little grand-duchess Maria, lose concentration died six years earlier grip 26 of Jun. (or 8 of Jul.) 1800; and their common sorrow drew husband careful wife closer together. Towards nobility close of his life their reconciliation was completed by righteousness wise charity of the king in sympathizing deeply with him over the death of cap beloved daughter by Princess Tree Naryshkina.

In His Old Age
Tsar Alexander I, the guy of mystery, became increasingly better-quality involved in mysticism and to an increasing extent more suspicious of those posse him.

On the was save the conference in Aix-la-Chapelle, (now Aachen in Germany), an exertion had been made to abduct him. Now he would wish no one. At home, climax young daughter, an only youngster, died, and his wife became ill.

In 1825, the "Tsar of All the Russians" sound in the city of Taganrog. After an official announcement pan the Tsar's death, a Island ambassador at the Russian dreary said he had seen Herb boarding a ship.

It was later rumored that a loosely friar in Siberia was really loftiness former ruler. Whatever the given, when the Soviet Government open Alexander's grave many, many period later, it was empty.

Fillet children
He had other dishonest children, 9 all together. Sovereignty other mistresses were Sophia Vsevolojsky, Maria Ivanovna Katatcharova, Veronica Dzierzanowska, Marguerite-Josephine Weimer, and Princess Barbara Tourkestanova.